First, we have to look at the setting, taking place after our planets resources have gone dry, that is after a match of Civ 5, and leaders for countries and big corporations journey to seek out new planets to start over.
There are several different planets to land on, and I have to give extra nerd credits that the planets follow the naming convention for star name and discovery order.
Tech Tree

There are two things about this new tech web that bothers me, first is that it feels hard to get a quick overview, and if you zoom out, you loose the advisory suggestions. You'll also want to take Pioneering as your first tech about every time, by the time you have the tech you should want to create a second and a third outpost. Pottery or not, this is an auto pick for me, which makes it even less of a choice than Civ 5.
Quests
The next thing you will see that differs is that you now have quests, no need to find a city state to tell you what to do, this game will do this from start and will reward you for it. One of the first things will either be to explore an artifact if you find one, or to settle a new outpost, which is one of the reasons you'll want that technology. The quests makes the game feel more that you get requests from the nation or corporation and will be a driving force for you to progress when you don't know what to focus on. The quests are different from the one that the city states give you in that way that they are not time based, no one will compete for them other than you and they will bring you a more permanent reward rather than an ally. The only downside here is that they can sometimes give you a quest to build some sort of building, which you'll have no idea whether or not you can actually build yet. I find this really strange, especially when other quests that require technologies will tell you to research that tech as a first step, irritating when it so easily could been better. Hope they'll patch this soon.
Social Policies

Affinities

Spies
This is my favorite part of the game, spies are such a fun element now, where I can steal energy, technologies or even do a coup d' etat to take control of a whole city, all without having to brake the trade agreements! In Civ 5 you always had your spies in city states to rig elections, to get allies and not upsetting other civilizations. Now spies have a real impact on the game, and making them super interesting, there is even a civilization that specialize in spies, and therefor is my favorite for the moment. Spies are great in this game and broadens the ways of warfare.
Bottom line
Beyond Earth is a really fun 4X game, I recommend that you'll play it, it it's not perfect, but it's fer better than Civ 5 was before Gods and Kings. One thing that's worth mentioning is that the equivalent units of caravans are much stronger when moving internally and can ship production and food from start, it does however feel sometimes that you spend a lot time micro managing your transports more than you should. I'm hoping to see a Mass Effect mod to this game, or why not a nerdy Twilight Imperium mod?